Pore – small hole (normally in skin e.g. sweat pore)
landmark - reference point – originally e.g. a cathedral, a castle
undertake - do, try to finish a challenge
cheap – not expensive
strand – string, like a chain
pioneer – explorer, someone who explores new territory
amplification – copy millions of times
tag - label
bottleneck – restriction
label – sign, indication
state-of-the-art – most modern practice, latest way of doing something
chunk – block, piece
speed up – go faster – e.g. “speed things up”
overlap - a small portion the same, partially cover
to piece - to put parts together, join parts,
cause a drug to work - makes a drug function
cope - deal with, handle, able to tolerate
How much did it cost to sequence the first genome ?
How long does it take now ?
What is, currently, the main constraint to sequencing ?
Coax - encourage
nanometre = 1/ 1,000,000,000 metre
pass through – allow to go past
negative charge – negative electrical current
disruption - interference
crucially – most importantly
flow of current – speed of electrons' movement
thread – insert (e.g. thread cotton through the eye of a needle)
cleave – to split, to open a gap
feed through – push through
cartridge – container (e.g. for ink in a printer)
lab on a chip – automated chemical analysis using microchips, simultaneous analysis
microfluidics – science of liquid flow at a micro level
detection – discovery
plug in – connect (e.g. plug a computer into a network)
rack-like – similar to shelves
cabinet – item of furniture that is a container (e.g. cupboard, wardrobe)
carry out - execute (“carry out large scale analysis” = analyse on a large scale)
commercial launch – ready to be sold
thickness – depth, opposite of thinness (depth !)
What creates nanopores in cell membranes ?
What is a lipid bilayer ?
How can you tell the type of molecule as it goes through the bilayer ?
What's the problem with exonuclease sequencing ?
Why is the velocity of the strand going through the nanopore important ?
Ù
Ratchet – mechanical system allowing only one direction
address, tackle – undertake, deal with, work on, try to resolve
constriction – partial block, restriction, narrowing
simultaneous – at the same time
dispense with – get rid of, eliminate
gain ground - become popular, become accepted (a military analogy – to capture territory)
solid-state – unchanging, like metal - so not fluid, not biological
insulate – isolate, separate from external forces (e.g. electrical wiring, heat protection)
trap - capture
flip - turn over (a binary process - flip a switch, flip a coin)
strong enough signal – signal of sufficient potency, or force
massive - very big
spin out - business established from a university or company department
thick / thin - depth, lack of depth
noise level - imperfections
clear sense - definite idea
occur - happen
vast - very big
healthy - free of disease
fine-grained picture – detailed, many pixels
momentous - very big
spread - move, cover, migrate
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